Ultrathin nanotech promises to help tackle antibiotic resistance

Ultrathin nanotech promises to help tackle antibiotic resistance

Researchers have invented a nano-thin superbug-slaying material that could one day be integrated into wound dressings and implants to prevent or heal bacterial infections.

The innovation – which has undergone advanced pre-clinical trials – is effective against a broad range of drug-resistant bacterial cells, including ‘golden staph’, which are commonly referred to as superbugs.

Antibiotic resistance is a major global health threat, causing about 700,000 deaths annually, a figure which could rise to 10 million deaths a year by 2050 without the development of new antibacterial therapies.

The new study led by RMIT University and the University of South Australia (UniSA) tested black phosphorus-based nanotechnology as an advanced infection treatment and wound healing therapeutic.

Results published in Advanced Therapeutics show it effectively treated infections, killing over 99% of bacteria, without damaging other cells in biological models.

The treatment achieved comparable results to an antibiotic in eliminating infection and accelerated healing, with wounds closing by 80% over seven days.

Dr Saffron Bryant, Dr Aaron Elbourne, Professor Sumeet Walia and PhD scholar Zo Shaw (left to right) in a lab at RMIT University. Credit: Seamus Daniel, RMIT University Dr Saffron Bryant, Dr Aaron Elbourne, Professor Sumeet Walia and PhD scholar Zo Shaw (left to right) in a lab at RMIT University. Credit: Seamus Daniel, RMIT University

The superbug-killing nanotechnology developed by RMIT was rigorously tested in pre-clinical trials by wound-healing experts at UniSA. RMIT has sought patent protection for the black phosphorus flakes including its use in wound healing formulations, such as gels.

RMIT co-lead researcher, Professor Sumeet Walia, said the study showed how their innovation provided rapid antimicrobial action, then self-decomposed after the threat of infection had been eliminated.

“The beauty of our innovation is that it is not simply a coating – it can actually be integrated into common materials that devices are made of, as well as plastic and gels, to make them antimicrobial,” said Walia from the School of Engineering.

A previous study led by RMIT revealed that black phosphorus was effective at killing microbes when spread in nano-thin layers on surfaces used to make wound dressings and implants such as cotton and titanium, or integrated into plastics used in medical instruments.

Dr Hanif Haidari, Emmeline Virgo and Dr Zlatko Kopecki in a lab at the University of South Australia. Credit: UniSA Dr Hanif Haidari, Emmeline Virgo and Dr Zlatko Kopecki in a lab at the University of South Australia. Credit: UniSA

How the invention works

Black phosphorus is the most stable form of phosphorus - a mineral that is naturally present in many foods - and, in an ultra-thin form, degrades easily with oxygen, making it ideal for killing microbes.

“As the nanomaterial breaks down, its surface reacts with the atmosphere to produce what are called reactive oxygen species. These species ultimately help by ripping bacterial cells apart,” Walia said.

The new study tested the effectiveness of nano-thin flakes of black phosphorus against five common bacteria strains, including E. coli and drug-resistant golden staph.

“Our antimicrobial nanotechnology rapidly destroyed more than 99% of bacterial cells – significantly more than common treatments used to treat infections today.”

Black phosphorus crystals. Credit: Seamus Daniel, RMIT University Black phosphorus crystals. Credit: Seamus Daniel, RMIT University

The global war on superbugs

Co-lead researcher Dr Aaron Elbourne from RMIT said healthcare professionals around the world were in desperate need of new treatments to overcome the problem of antibiotic resistance.

“Superbugs – the pathogens that are resistant to antibiotics – are responsible for massive health burdens and as drug resistance grows, our ability to treat these infections becomes increasingly challenging,” Elbourne, a Senior Research Fellow in the School of Science, said.

“If we can make our invention a commercial reality in the clinical setting, these superbugs globally wouldn’t know what hit them.”

The team’s black phosphorus treatment can be integrated into gels to make wound dressings. Credit: Seamus Daniel, RMIT University The team’s black phosphorus treatment can be integrated into gels to make wound dressings. Credit: Seamus Daniel, RMIT University

Treatment efficacy in preclinical models of wound infection

Lead researcher from UniSA, Dr Zlatko Kopecki, and his team performed the pre-clinical trials to show how daily topical application of the black phosphorus nanoflakes significantly reduced infection.

“This is exciting as the treatment was comparable to the ciprofloxacin antibiotic in eradicating wound infection and resulted in accelerated healing, with wounds closing by 80% over seven days,” Dr Kopecki said.

Dr Kopecki, who is also a Channel 7 Children’s Research Foundation Fellow in Childhood Wound Infections, said antibiotic treatments are becoming scarce.

“We urgently need to develop new alternative non-antibiotic approaches to treat and manage wound infection,” he said.

“Black phosphorus seems to have hit the spot and we look forward to seeing the translation of this research towards clinical treatment of chronic wounds.”

The team wants to collaborate with potential industry partners to develop and prototype the technology.

The ball shapes are bacteria and the “sheet” is black phosphorus, under the microscope at RMIT University. (Note these images have been coloured in post-production.) Credit: Aaron Elbourne and colleagues, RMIT University The ball shapes are bacteria and the “sheet” is black phosphorus, under the microscope at RMIT University. (Note these images have been coloured in post-production.) Credit: Aaron Elbourne and colleagues, RMIT University

‘Layered Black Phosphorus Nanoflakes Reduce Bacterial Burden and Enhance Healing of Murine Infected Wounds’ is published in Advanced Therapeutics (DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202300235).

Emmeline P. Virgo, Hanif Haidari, Z. L. Shaw, Louisa Z. Y. Huang, Tahlia L. Kennewell, Luke Smith, Taimur Ahmed, Saffron J. Bryant, Gordon S. Howarth, Sumeet Walia, Allison J. Cowin, Aaron Elbourne and Zlatko Kopecki are co-authors.

Story: Will Wright

13 September 2023

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13 September 2023

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RMIT University acknowledges the people of the Woi wurrung and Boon wurrung language groups of the eastern Kulin Nation on whose unceded lands we conduct the business of the University. RMIT University respectfully acknowledges their Ancestors and Elders, past and present. RMIT also acknowledges the Traditional Custodians and their Ancestors of the lands and waters across Australia where we conduct our business - Artwork 'Luwaytini' by Mark Cleaver, Palawa.

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